The report from independent investigator Adam Tolley said two out of eight complaints against him had been upheld, concluding the deputy prime minister and justice secretary had "acted in a way which was intimidating", and had been "unreasonably and persistently aggressive" in meetings.

The findings also said his conduct while working across different government departments "involved an abuse or misuse of power in a way that undermines or humiliates".

But in a resignation letter posted on Twitter, Mr Raab took issue with the report, calling the inquiry "flawed" and claiming the conclusions "set a dangerous precedent for the conduct of good government".

He later said it was a "Kafkaesque saga" and accused a small faction of civil servants of coordinating a plot to oust him.

Politics live: Raab 'keeps word' and quits

Mr Raab resigned nearly 24 hours after Rishi Sunak was presented with the official report into his deputy's behaviour on Thursday, and before the PM had made a decision on his future.

Mr Sunak then appointed Oliver Dowden as his new deputy and promoted former barrister Alex Chalk from defence procurement minister to his new justice secretary.

In a letter to Mr Raab, Mr Sunak said he accepted his resignation "with great sadness", saying it "should not make us forget your record of delivery in both this government and previous administrations".

And the PM said there had been "shortcomings in the historic process that have negatively affected everyone involved", adding: "We should learn from this how to better handle such matters in future".

Following his resignation, Mr Raab accused some civil servants of being activists and passive aggressive with an agenda.

"What you've got the risk here of is a very small minority of very activist, civil servants, with a passive aggressive culture of the civil service, who don't like some of the reforms, whether it's Brexit, whether it's parole reform, whether it's human rights reform, effectively trying to block government," he told the BBC.

"That's not on, that's not democratic."

Mr Raab added he was told about this group of civil servants by a cabinet secretary and a director of propriety and ethics in the Cabinet Office.

"There was certainly some coordination. One of the complaints was struck out because they had written it together," he told GB News.

Mr Raab said some of the claims were four-and-a-half years old, another was two-and-a-half years old and most were eight months old.

"They were all submitted on the same day, which is 15 November. I think a few came just a little bit later," he said.

"That can't be coincidental, but I only know what I know.

"And I also know that I was warned by a very senior member of the government, a senior civil servant, that there are increasingly activist civil servants mobilised by the FDA union who are looking to target ministers."

Calls for Raab to step down as MP

Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer said the situation showed "the continual weakness of the prime minister", adding: "He should never have appointed [Mr Raab] in the first place… and then he didn't sack him.

"It is that decision and that weakness I think that goes to the heart, not just of this prime minister, but of the 13 years now of [Conservative] failure and it is why people desperately want a change."

The Liberal Democrats called for Mr Raab to resign as an MP and for a by-election to be held in his seat, saying he had shown "he is not only unfit to serve as a minister, but is totally unfit to represent his constituents in parliament".

Cabinet secretary Simon Case - the most senior civil servant in Whitehall - has written to civil servants, saying the report "makes difficult reading".

He added: "The prime minister is clear that there have been shortcomings in the historic process which have negatively affected everyone involved. We will learn from this how to better handle such matters in future."

Undermining or humiliating conduct

The 48-page report from Mr Tolley said there had been eight formal complaints against Mr Raab from across his time as justice secretary, foreign secretary and Brexit secretary.

A total of 66 interviews were carried out over the five months - including four with the minister himself - and 44 written contributions were given to the investigator.

In one of the complaints, upheld from his time at the Foreign Office, Mr Tolley concluded the minister had "acted in a way which was intimidating, in the sense of unreasonably and persistently aggressive in the context of a workplace meeting".

He said Mr Raab's conduct "also involved an abuse or misuse of power in a way that undermines or humiliates", adding: "In particular, he went beyond what was reasonably necessary in order to give effect to his decision and introduced a punitive element.

"His conduct was bound to be experienced as undermining or humiliating by the affected individual, and it was so experienced. I infer that [Mr Raab] must have been aware of this effect; at the very least, he ought reasonably to have been so aware."

The minister also used "a form of intimidating behaviour in the sense of conveying a threat of unspecified disciplinary action" at a member of staff.

And he was criticised over his "use of physical gestures", including "extending his hand directly out towards another person’s face with a view to making them stop talking" and "loud banging of the table to make a point".

Intimidating and further than necessary

The second complaint came from his time at the Ministry of Justice, and Mr Tolley concluded Mr Raab "acted in a manner which was intimidating, in the sense of going further than was necessary or appropriate in delivering critical feedback and also insulting, in the sense of making unconstructive critical comments about the quality of work done (whether or not as a matter of substance any criticism was justified)".

Examples included "unfairly personal criticism" of officials who didn't answer his questions in meetings, and making comments about staff "frustrating his policy objectives" that left them feeling "insulted" - using phrases like "utterly useless" and "woeful".

The investigator said Mr Raab "did not intend by the conduct described to upset or humiliate" or "target anyone for a specific type of treatment", but "he did not always have in mind the impact of his approach at the level of the individual who was affected by it" and "ought to have realised earlier that some individuals would find it difficult to cope with his style and should have adjusted his behaviour accordingly".

In his conclusions, Mr Tolley said: "The [deputy prime minister] has been able to regulate this level of 'abrasiveness' since the announcement of the investigation. He should have altered his approach earlier."

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A Kafkaesque saga

But in an article published in the Telegraph shortly after his ousting, Mr Raab hit back at the findings and described the probe as "a Kafkaesque saga".

In his resignation letter, the outgoing minister wrote: "I called for the inquiry and undertook to resign, if it made any finding of bullying whatsoever. I believe it is important to keep my word."

But he said the report showed he had "not once, in four and a half years, sworn or shouted at anyone, let alone thrown anything or otherwise physically intimidated anyone, nor intentionally sought to belittle anyone".

Mr Raab claimed the inquiry had set "the threshold for bullying so low" that it had "set a dangerous precedent".

He added: "I am genuinely sorry for any unintended stress or offence that any officials felt, as a result of the pace, standards and challenge that I brought to the Ministry of Justice.

"That is, however, what the public expect of ministers working on their behalf."

In his newspaper article, Mr Raab gave his own account of the complaints made against him, saying some staff "complained that I asked too many questions, including in budget meetings with hundreds of millions of pounds of taxpayers' money at stake, curtailed unwieldy interventions in meetings, or that they were intimidated or offended by my body language".

"These were dismissed," he added.

On the allegations that were upheld, he said the report concluded "I had abused my power by replacing a lead negotiator when I was foreign secretary, and as justice secretary had left senior officials feeling insulted on three occasions because of direct feedback".

But he doubled down on his attack on the process, saying "normal rules of evidence and procedural fairness were disapplied", including a rule for all complaints to be made within three months.

"In my case, all the complaints were stored up for over three months, most over eight months, some for over four years - and then submitted in a coordinated way," he claimed.

"And I was subject to trial by media for six months, fuelled by warped and fabricated accounts leaked by anonymous officials."

Labour's Sir Keir accused Mr Raab of "whining" when the public wanted to hear about things that mattered to them.

"There is a bigger picture here," he said. "We have got a cost of living crisis, there is the future of the NHS that is really, really important… and we are mired in talking about the weaknesses and the inability of the government to actually deliver anything for the people of this country.

"I don't know why Dominic Raab thinks in the middle of a cost of living crisis that anybody wants to hear about his whining about having to resign.

"What I think everybody wants is strong leadership and that has been palpably absent here.

"Why on earth was Raab appointed in the first place? Why on earth didn't the prime minister act more quickly? Why on earth isn't the government laser-focused on the cost of living crisis and the absolute mess of the NHS that they have made?"

Damning indictment of the process

The civil service union, the FDA, called for an independent inquiry into ministerial bullying following the findings of the report.

General secretary Dave Penman said: "This resignation is not a vindication of the current system, it's a damning indictment of the inadequacy of a process that relies solely on the prime minister of the day to enforce standards."

Mike Clancy, the boss of another civil service union Prospect, also said there had been "a toxic culture at the top of government for too long with civil servants and public trust paying the price for this chaos", calling on Mr Sunak to now "clean out the rest of the stables".

He added: "These issues go to the heart of the anger and distrust many people feel towards the way our country runs. It is time for ministers to step up and to start restoring trust both for civil servants and the good of the country."

Mr Raab was appointed by Mr Sunak after he took power in October, and less than 48 hours ago he was sat alongside the PM at Prime Minister's Questions.

Allegations surfaced about Mr Raab back in November, with former staff claiming he created a "culture of fear" in their departments.

He denied the allegations and requested an investigation into himself after two formal complaints were made.

As the weeks rolled on, more accusations came to light, with one report suggesting as many as 24 complaints had been made.

Mr Sunak has come under pressure over what he knew about Mr Raab's alleged conduct, with a source telling political editor Beth Rigby the PM was informed about Mr Raab's "unacceptable behaviour" before appointing him as his deputy and justice secretary.

Downing Street said Mr Sunak was "not aware" of any "formal complaints" about Mr Raab when he appointed him, but Number 10 did not deny concerns had been expressed informally.

Mr Raab's departure follows Mr Sunak's decision to dismiss Tory party chairman Nadhim Zahawi from his post in January after the former chancellor was found to have broken the ministerial code over his tax affairs.