Begum had her British citizenship stripped from her in 2019, on national security grounds by then-home secretary Sajid Javid.

Now aged 23, Begum brought a challenge against the Home Office over the decision to revoke her citizenship, however, it has been dismissed by a specialist tribunal.

The Special Immigration Appeals Commission (SIAC) concluded there was "credible suspicion" that Begum was trafficked to Syria for "sexual exploitation" and that there were "arguable breaches of duty" by state bodies in allowing her to travel to the country.

But Mr Justice Jay said in a summary that the existence of this suspicion was "insufficient" for her to succeed on arguments that the deprivation of her citizenship failed to respect her human rights, adding that given she was now in Syria, the home secretary was not compelled to facilitate her return nor stopped from using "deprivation powers".

The Home Office has said it is "pleased" with the ruling, while Mr Javid said he "welcomes" it. Begum remains in a refugee camp in northern Syria.

Home Secretary Suella Braverman also welcomed the court's decision.

"My priority is, and always will be, the safety and security of the UK," she said.

"I am pleased with the decision from the court today, who have agreed with the Government's position on every appeal ground."

At the five-day tribunal hearing last year, Begum's lawyers said that she was "recruited, transported, transferred, harboured and received in Syria for the purposes of 'sexual exploitation' and 'marriage' to an adult male".

They also argued that the Home Office unlawfully failed to consider that she travelled to Syria and remained there "as a victim of child trafficking".

It has repeatedly asserted she would be a threat to public safety if she is allowed to return to the UK.

On Wednesday, the appeal was dismissed on all nine grounds even though SIAC found there was a "credible suspicion" that Begum had been trafficked to Syria.

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Giving the decision of the tribunal, Mr Justice Jay said that "reasonable people will differ" over the circumstances of Begum's case.

In its ruling, the panel said: "Essentially, and from the perspective of those responsible for the trafficking, the motive for bringing her to Syria was sexual exploitation to which, as a child, she could not give a valid consent".

The commission recognised the "considerable force" in submissions advanced on behalf of Begum that the Home Secretary's conclusion that she travelled voluntarily to Syria was "as stark as it is unsympathetic".

Legal fight 'nowhere near over'

Mr Justice Jay said: "Further, there is some merit in the argument that those advising the Secretary of State see this as a black and white issue, when many would say that there are shades of grey."

Speaking after the ruling one of Begum's lawyers, Daniel Furner, said the legal fight is "nowhere near over", while lawyer Gareth Pierce added that "there's no limit to the challenges" that can be undertaken.

Begum and two other east London schoolgirls travelled to Turkey and then to Syria to join the Islamic State terror group in February 2015.

In 2019, she was found at a Syrian refugee and told the media she wished to return to Britain, the country where she was born.

In a statement, a Home Office spokeswoman said: "The government's priority remains maintaining the safety and security of the UK and we will robustly defend any decision made in doing so."

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Shamima Begum says she 'didn't hate Britain' when she fled
Begum's mother says her 'world fell apart' when she joined ISIS

Steve Valdez-Symonds, Amnesty International UK's refugee and migrant rights director, described the Shamima Begum ruling as a "very disappointing decision".

When Sky News last spoke to Begum in 2021 in Syria, she said she didn't hate the UK, just her life at the time she left to join IS, and described living under the caliphate as "hell, hell on earth".

Begum rejected accusations she carried out atrocities as part of IS as "all completely false".